Uphuhliso olutsha kuqinisekiso lomgangatho weepavumente zekhonkrithi lunokubonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nomgangatho, ukuqina, kunye nokuthotyelwa kweekhowudi zoyilo oluxutyiweyo.
Ulwakhiwo lwe-concrete pavement lungabona iimeko ezingxamisekileyo, kwaye umakhi kufuneka aqinisekise umgangatho kunye nokuqina kwekhonkrithi efakwe kwindawo. Ezi ziganeko zibandakanya ukuvezwa kwemvula ngexesha lokugalela, emva kokusetyenziswa kweekhompawundi zokunyanga, i-plastic shrinkage kunye neeyure eziqhekezayo kwiiyure ezimbalwa emva kokuthulula, kunye ne-concrete texturing kunye nemiba yokuphilisa. Nokuba iimfuno zamandla kunye nolunye uvavanyo lwemathiriyeli zihlangatyeziwe, iinjineli zinokufuna ukususwa kunye nokutshintshwa kwamalungu endlela yabahambi ngeenyawo kuba zinexhala lokuba ingaba izinto ezikwi-situ ziyahlangabezana neenkcukacha zoyilo lomxube.
Kule meko, i-petrography kunye nezinye iindlela zovavanyo ezongezelelweyo (kodwa zobungcali) zinokubonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nomgangatho kunye nokuqina kwemixube yekhonkrithi kunye nokuba iyahlangabezana neenkcukacha zomsebenzi.
Umfanekiso 1. Imizekelo ye-fluorescence microscopes ye-concrete paste kwi-0.40 w/c (ikona ephezulu ngasekhohlo) kunye ne-0.60 w/c (ikona ephezulu ngasekunene). Umfanekiso ongezantsi osekhohlo ubonisa isixhobo sokulinganisa ukuxhathisa kwe-cylinder yekhonkrithi. Umfanekiso osezantsi osekunene ubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokumelana nomthamo kunye ne-w / c. I-Chunyu Qiao kunye ne-DRP, iNkampani ye-Twining
UMthetho ka-Abram: “Ukomelela komxube wekonkile kungqamene nomlinganiselo wawo wesamente yamanzi.”
Unjingalwazi uDuff Abrams waqala wachaza ulwalamano phakathi komlinganiselo wesamente yamanzi (w/c) namandla acinezelayo ngowe-1918 [1], waza wayila into ngoku ebizwa ngokuba ngumthetho ka-Abram: “Amandla acinezelayo omlinganiselo wamanzi nesamente.” Ukongeza ekulawuleni amandla oxinzelelo, umlinganiselo wesamente wamanzi (w / cm) ngoku uthandwa kuba uyaqaphela ukutshintshwa kwesamente yasePortland ngezinto ezongezelelweyo zesamente ezifana nothuthu lwempukane kunye ne-slag. Kwakhona iparameter ephambili yokuqina kwekhonkrithi. Uphononongo oluninzi lubonise ukuba imixube yekhonkrithi ene-w/cm esezantsi kune ~0.45 yomelele kwiindawo ezinobundlobongela, njengeendawo ezivezwe kwimijikelo yokunyibilikisa okukhenkceza ngeetyuwa ze-deicing okanye iindawo apho kukho ukuxinana okuphezulu kwesulfate emhlabeni.
I-Capillary pores yinxalenye yendalo yodaka lwesamente. Ziquka isithuba phakathi kweemveliso ze-samente hydration kunye namasuntswana e-samente angenamanzi asele ezaliswe ngamanzi. [2] I-Capillary pores ilungile kakhulu kunee-entrained okanye i-pores ebanjwe kwaye akufanele idideke kunye nabo. Xa i-capillary pores ixhunyiwe, ulwelo oluvela kwindawo yangaphandle luyakwazi ukufuduka nge-paste. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-penetration kwaye kufuneka incitshiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuhlala ixesha elide. I-microstructure yomxube wekhonkrithi ehlala ixesha elide kukuba i-pores iyahlula kunokuba idibanise. Oku kwenzeka xa i-w/cm ingaphantsi kwe ~0.45.
Nangona kunzima kakhulu ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo i-w / cm yekhonkrithi eqinile, indlela ethembekileyo inokubonelela ngesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuqinisekisa umgangatho wokuphanda ikhonkrithi eqiniweyo. Fluorescence microscopy inika isisombululo. Le yindlela esebenza ngayo.
I-Fluorescence microscopy bubuchule obusebenzisa i-epoxy resin kunye nedayi ye-fluorescent ukukhanyisa iinkcukacha zemathiriyeli. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwisayensi yezonyango, kwaye ikwanezicelo ezibalulekileyo kwisayensi yezinto. Ukusetyenziswa okucwangcisiweyo kwale ndlela kwikhonkrithi kwaqala phantse kwiminyaka engama-40 eyadlulayo eDenmark [3]; yabekwa emgangathweni kumazwe eNordic ngo-1991 ukuqikelela i-w/c yekonkrithi eqinisiweyo, yaze yahlaziywa ngo-1999 [4].
Ukulinganisa i-w/cm yemathiriyeli esekwe kwisamente (oko kukuthi ikhonkrithi, udaka, kunye negrouting), i-fluorescent epoxy isetyenziselwa ukwenza icandelo elibhityileyo okanye ibhloko yekhonkrithi enobunzima obumalunga ne-25 microns okanye 1/1000 intshi (Figure 2). Inkqubo ibandakanya Undoqo wekhonkrithi okanye isilinda sinqunywe kwiibhloko zekhonkrithi ezisicaba (ezibizwa ngokuba ziindawo ezingenanto) kunye nommandla omalunga ne-25 x 50 mm (1 x 2 intshi). I-blank igxininiswe kwisilayidi seglasi, ifakwe kwigumbi le-vacuum, kwaye i-epoxy resin ifakwe phantsi kwe-vacuum. Njengoko i-w / cm inyuka, ukudibanisa kunye nenani leepores liya kwanda, ngoko ke i-epoxy eninzi iya kungena kwi-paste. Sivavanya iiflakes phantsi kwe-microscope, sisebenzisa isethi yezihluzi ezikhethekileyo ukuvuyisa idayi ye-fluorescent kwi-epoxy resin kunye nokucoca imiqondiso engaphezulu. Kule mifanekiso, iindawo ezimnyama zibonisa iinqununu ezidibeneyo kunye neengqungquthela ze-samente ezingenamanzi. I-porosity yezi zibini ziyi-0%. Isangqa esiluhlaza esikhanyayo yi-porosity (kungekhona i-porosity), kwaye i-porosity iyisiseko se-100%. Enye yezi mpawu “Into” eluhlaza enamachokoza yintlama (Umfanekiso 2). Njengoko i-w / cm kunye ne-capillary porosity yekhonkrithi yanda, umbala oyingqayizivele ohlaza we-paste uba ngokukhanya kwaye ukhanyise (jonga uMzobo 3).
Umzobo 2. I-Fluorescence micrograph yeeflakes ebonisa iinqununu ezidibeneyo, i-voids (v) kunye nokunamathisela. Ububanzi bebala elithe tye yi ~ 1.5 mm. I-Chunyu Qiao kunye ne-DRP, iNkampani ye-Twining
Umzobo 3. I-micrographs ye-Fluorescence yeeflakes ibonisa ukuba njengoko i-w / cm ikhula, i-paste eluhlaza iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe. Le mixube ifakwe umoya kwaye iqulethe uthuthu lwempukane. I-Chunyu Qiao kunye ne-DRP, iNkampani ye-Twining
Uhlalutyo lomfanekiso lubandakanya ukukhupha idatha yobuninzi kwimifanekiso. Isetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi, ukusuka kwimakroskopu yoluvo olukude. Ipixel nganye kumfanekiso wedijithali iba yindawo yedatha. Le ndlela ivumela ukuba siqhoboshele amanani kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhanya okuluhlaza abonwa kule mifanekiso. Kwisithuba seminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo okanye kunjalo, kunye nenguqu kumandla ekhompuyutha yedesktop kunye nokufumana imifanekiso yedijithali, uhlalutyo lwemifanekiso ngoku luye lwaba sisixhobo esisebenzayo esinokusetyenziswa ii-microscopists ezininzi (kuquka i-concrete petrologists) Sihlala sisebenzisa uhlalutyo lomfanekiso ukulinganisa i-capillary porosity ye-slurry. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, sifumene ukuba kukho ulungelelwaniso oluqinileyo lweenkcukacha-manani phakathi kwe-w / cm kunye ne-capillary porosity, njengoko kuboniswe kulo mfanekiso ulandelayo (Umfanekiso 4 kunye noMzobo 5)).
Umzobo 4. Umzekelo wedatha efunyenwe kwi-fluorescence micrographs yamacandelo amancinci. Le grafu icwangcisa inani leepixels kwinqanaba elinikiweyo elingwevu kwifotomicrograph enye. Incochoyi ezintathu zihambelana ne-aggregates (igophe eliorenji), intlama (indawo engwevu), kunye ne-void (incopho engazaliswanga ngasekunene). Ijika le-paste livumela umntu ukubala umyinge we-pore ubukhulu kunye nokuphambuka kwayo okuqhelekileyo. I-Chunyu Qiao kunye ne-DRP, i-Twining Company Figure 5. Le grafu ishwankathela uthotho lwemilinganiselo ye-capillary ye-w / cm kunye ne-95% yezihlandlo zokuzithemba kumxube owenziwe ngesamente ecocekileyo, i-fly ash simenti, kunye ne-pozzolan binder yendalo. I-Chunyu Qiao kunye ne-DRP, iNkampani ye-Twining
Kuhlalutyo lokugqibela, iimvavanyo ezintathu ezizimeleyo ziyafuneka ukubonisa ukuba ikhonkrithi ekwisiza ihambelana neenkcukacha zoyilo lomxube. Kangangoko kunokwenzeka, fumana iisampulu ezingundoqo kwiindawo zokubekwa ezihlangabezana nazo zonke iindlela zokwamkelwa, kunye neesampulu ezisuka kwiindawo eziyeleleneyo. Ingundoqo ukusuka kwisakhiwo esamkelweyo sinokusetyenziswa njengesampuli yokulawula, kwaye ungayisebenzisa njengebhentshi yokuvavanya ukuthotyelwa koyilo olufanelekileyo.
Kumava ethu, xa iinjineli ezineerekhodi zibona idatha efunyenwe kolu mvavanyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ziyakwamkela ukubekwa ukuba ezinye iimpawu zobunjineli eziphambili (ezifana namandla oxinzelelo) zihlangatyezwana nazo. Ngokubonelela ngemilinganiselo yobungakanani be-w / cm kunye ne-formation factor, sinokudlulela ngaphaya kweemvavanyo ezichazwe kwimisebenzi emininzi ukubonisa ukuba umxube ochaphazelekayo uneempawu eziya kuguqulela kwisigxina esihle.
UDavid Rothstein, Ph.D., PG, FACI uyintloko ye-lithographer ye-DRP, i-Twining Company. Uneminyaka engaphezu kwama-25 yamava ochwephesha ngezilwanyana kwaye uzihlole ngokwakhe ngaphezulu kwe-10,000 yeesampulu kwiiprojekthi ezingaphezu kwama-2,000 kwihlabathi liphela. UGqr. Chunyu Qiao, isazinzulu esiyintloko se-DRP, iNkampani ye-Twining, yingcali yokwakheka komhlaba kunye nenzululwazi yezixhobo ezineminyaka engaphezu kweshumi yamava kwimathiriyeli yesamente kunye neemveliso zendalo zamatye ezicutshungulwayo. Ubuchwephesha bakhe bubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kohlalutyo lomfanekiso kunye ne-microscopy ye-fluorescence ukufunda ukuqina kwekhonkrithi, ngokugxininisa ngokukodwa kumonakalo obangelwa yi-deicing salts, ukuphendula kwe-alkali-silicon, kunye nokuhlaselwa kweekhemikhali kwiindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-07-2021